This is the last in a series of four articles on what strategy should look like in a world that is volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA). In the previous three articles I outlined the ...

When we use language, it seems so easy to understand what other people are saying that it is hard to appreciate the complexity of the act of carrying on a conversation. Obviously, we miscommunicate at ...

The above figure, called the Boring Figure, is the most famous of the “ambiguous illusions,” which can be seen as two different figures, depending on how one looks at them. We’ll tell you how ...

Ambiguity simply means lack of clarity in construction - written or spoken. This occurs when there are two or more meanings in a passage. Ambiguity is of two basic types: Syntactic Ambiguity and ...

If ever the people on our planet faced uncertainty, now is that time. Only a few weeks ago, markets were at record highs. Optimism was rampant. You might have even found yourself humming “It’s a ...

For example, the following sentence lends itself to two possible interpretations: (1) Old men and women left the theater. What does “old” modify in this sentence? “Men” or “men and women”? In other ...

Creative ideas sometimes emerge because someone directly and explicitly asks us to come up with a new idea. It could be we're asked to help solve a pesky problem, or to generate suggestions for how to ...