Two guys — Stern and Gerlach — did an experiment in 1922. They wanted to measure magnetism caused by electron orbits. At the time, they didn’t know about particles having angular momentum due to spin.

Star player Otto Stern was a physical chemist by training but became interested in physics after being taken under the wing of Albert Einstein at the Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in 1912.

The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...