Learn how excluding volatile items in financial and economic data improves long-term trend analysis. Discover examples in corporate earnings and economic indices.

The Beneish model was designed by M. Daniel Beneish to quantify eight variables that can indicate that a company is misrepresenting its profits. Here’s how it works.

The Price to Earnings (P/E) ratio, a key valuation measure, is calculated by dividing the stock's most recent closing price by the sum of the diluted earnings per share from continuing operations for ...

Empty calories provide little to no nutrition and often come from ultra-processed foods high in added sugars, saturated fats, and sodium. A diet high in empty-calorie foods may raise your risk of ...

Indicator species are living organisms that tell us that something has changed or is going to change in their environment. They can be easily observed, and studying them is considered a cost-effective ...