Background. Health adjusted life years (HALYs) are used for estimating burden of disease and as outcomes in cost-effectiveness analyses of medical care and public health interventions. Objectives. The ...

Biomonitoring has been hailed as the “gold standard” of exposure assessment for environmental chemical exposures 1 because it demonstrates and measures markers for biologically absorbed chemical in ...

Understanding why organisms vary in developmental plasticity has implications for predicting population responses to changing environments and the maintenance of intraspecific variation. The ...